Maintaining a balanced, nourishing diet is crucial for long-term weight management success.

Recent research suggests that cutting calories too drastically may come with unintended mental health consequences. According to a new study, individuals following low-calorie diets may face a higher risk of depression — particularly those with overweight.

The findings, published on June 2 in BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, indicate that both calorie-restricted and nutrient-restricted eating plans are associated with increased depressive symptoms. Researchers found that calorie restriction was tied to more cognitive and emotional symptoms, while nutrient deficiencies were linked to physical manifestations of depression.

Health experts stress the importance of adopting a well-rounded, nutrient-rich diet to support both physical and emotional well-being — and to achieve sustainable weight goals.

Dieting and Depression: What the Research Shows

The study in question analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2007 to 2018. The sample included 28,525 individuals, evenly split between males (14,196) and females (14,329).

Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a commonly used tool for measuring depression severity. PHQ-9 scores range from 0 to 27, with scores of 5–9 reflecting mild symptoms, and scores of 20 or higher indicating severe depression.

Among those surveyed, 25,009 were not actively dieting and served as the control group. Dieting was less common among men (only 10% were dieting) than women (15%).

Participants who reported following a calorie-restricted eating plan had PHQ-9 scores that averaged 0.29 points higher than non-dieters. Among those dieting, 2,026 followed a calorie-restricted plan, 859 followed a nutrient-restricted approach, and 631 were on specialized eating plans (e.g., for diabetes or high blood pressure).

For people with overweight, the effect was even more noticeable. Their PHQ-9 scores were 0.46 points higher on calorie-restricted diets and 0.61 points higher on nutrient-restricted diets.

How Restrictive Diets Impact Mental Health

Dr. Ritu Goel, a board-certified psychiatrist specializing in integrative care, explained to Healthline that viewing food as “good” or “bad” can negatively shape self-perception over time.

“Many people begin to equate their worth with their weight,” she said. “The number on the scale becomes a measure of their identity.”

Therapist Rachel Goldberg, LMFT, PMH-C, who focuses on eating disorders and body image, echoed that view. She noted that people often start restricting food to gain control, but this can lead to a rebound effect of overeating, followed by feelings of guilt and shame.

“Physiologically, chronic calorie restriction lowers your capacity to manage stress,” she said.

Restrictive diets can also deprive the body of essential nutrients like protein, iron, and vitamin D, potentially worsening mood and emotional stability.

“By trying to improve one aspect of health, people may unintentionally harm others — especially mental health,” Goel added.

Goldberg said that her clients often find themselves reacting more strongly to everyday stressors or feeling less joy in life overall.

“Restriction is not a quick fix — it’s a cycle that drains your mental energy,” she warned.

How Many Calories Do You Actually Need?

A calorie is a unit of energy. It represents the amount of energy a food provides and the energy your body uses during physical activity.

Your daily calorie needs depend on factors like age, gender, and activity level. On average:

• Women need at least 1,600 calories per day to maintain their weight

• Men generally require a minimum of 2,000 calories daily

Falling below these thresholds, especially over time, can lead to nutritional deficiencies and a decline in both physical and emotional health.

Adopting Healthy, Sustainable Eating Habits

Michelle Routhenstein, MS, a registered dietitian focused on cardiovascular health, shared that many of her clients come to her after unsuccessful attempts at restrictive dieting.

She emphasizes the importance of balanced and maintainable eating habits over the long term.

One key strategy is mindful eating—developing awareness of your hunger and fullness cues. For example, taking a pause toward the end of a meal allows time to recognize satiety and may help prevent overeating.

Eating meals on a regular schedule can help prevent extreme hunger and reduce unplanned snacking.

Labeling foods as “bad” or “off-limits” can backfire, said Routhenstein. Instead, she advises choosing foods that promote nourishment, satisfaction, and emotional well-being.

“Working with a registered dietitian can provide personalized support and help you stay accountable on your journey to healthier eating,” she added.

Mood-Boosting Foods to Include

Certain foods are believed to have mood-enhancing benefits.

Fatty fish such as salmon and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to support brain health and reduce symptoms of depression, Routhenstein explained.

Recent studies also highlight the link between gut health and emotional well-being, known as the gut-brain axis. This has put the spotlight on fermented foods like yogurt, kimchi, and kefir, which can contribute to a balanced gut microbiome.

Final Thoughts

While low-calorie and nutrient-restricted diets may seem like effective weight-loss tools, research shows they could negatively affect mental health — especially for people with overweight. Instead of focusing on deprivation, adopting a balanced, thoughtful approach to eating is key to supporting both emotional and physical well-being.